Intervertebral Disc Disease: Understanding and Management

Introduction

We will discuss a problem that occurs frequently but must be managed correctly and with proper guidance, using a patient‑centred approach and careful consideration of multiple parameters. Surgery is not always the solution, nor is it always the only option, and each case must be investigated with care.

Disc diseases

Diseases of the intervertebral discs, such as degeneration and herniation, are very common and often cause low back or neck pain, as well as pain radiating to the limbs. These conditions are related to disc wear due to age, strain, or injury, and may lead to disc herniation or spinal stenosis.

What are intervertebral disc diseases?

The discs between the vertebrae act like cushions that absorb shocks. Over time, or due to increased load, the discs wear out (degeneration) and may tear, move, or form a hernia. Symptoms may include local pain, numbness, weakness, or pain in the limbs due to nerve compression.

Symptoms and diagnostic value

Recognising the symptoms is critical for an accurate diagnosis. The pain may be acute or chronic and may affect daily life. It may also be accompanied by weakness in the limbs or muscle stiffness, while proper diagnosis requires medical assessment, which may include imaging tests such as MRI or CT scan.

Management options

Initially, conservative treatment is recommended, including physiotherapy, back exercises, medication (painkillers, anti‑inflammatory drugs, drugs for neuropathic pain), rest, and avoidance of strain.

Conservative treatment

Conservative treatment is usually the first choice. Special exercise programmes help strengthen the muscles and reduce pressure on the disc. Physiotherapy can provide significant relief and improve function.

Injections and diagnostic value

If symptoms do not improve, selective injection of cortisone and local anaesthetic around a specific nerve root can provide relief, and it also has diagnostic value by indicating more reliably which root is causing the problem.

Surgical intervention

The patient may ultimately require surgery (e.g. microdiscectomy, endoscopic discectomy), which today is usually minimally invasive. In many cases, modern techniques offer faster recovery and fewer complications.

Individualised approach

In every case, management is individualised according to the situation and symptoms of each patient. Information and guidance from a specialist doctor are essential for the correct diagnosis and treatment of each case, and cooperation with the doctor is crucial for treatment success.

Conclusion

Understanding intervertebral disc diseases is fundamental for effective symptom management. Accurate diagnosis and an individualised approach are critical for recovery and quality of life. With the right guidance and treatment, patients can obtain relief and return to their daily activities.